THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY SINCE THE OLD ORDER TO THE PRESENT

In the economy of the Old Order

      On August 17, 1945 after Indonesia proclaimed its independence . Setlah it , especially in the first years after independence , Indonesia's economic situation is very bad ; national economy can be said to be experiencing stagflation . The deficit in the balance of payments and government budget deficits are very large ; production activities in the agricultural and manufacturing industries were closed ; The inflation rate is very high , reaching more than 500 % at the end of the old order . All of this is caused by a variety of factors , including the important Japanese occupation , World War II , the Revolutionary War , and the very ugly Macroeconomic Management .

      It can be said that Indoneisa have experienced a very democratic political system , ie in the period 1949-1956 . However , history shows that the Indonesian political system seems to lead to the destruction of democratic politics and the national economy . Because too many political parties and all want power , often at odds among political parties . Political conflicts that do not provide the opportunity to form a solid cabinet that can last up to the next general election . At the time of democratic politics , which is recorded in history that the average age of each cabinet is only about 2 years old . During the 1950 Indonesian economic structure is a relic of colonialism .

      Formal / modern , such as mining , distribution , transportation , banking , and agriculture komersi , which has a major contribution of the informal sector lebis / traditional to national output or gross domestic product ( GDP ) is dominated by foreign companies is relatively more capital intensive economic activity is dominated by entrepreneurs natives are in the cities and big cities , such as Jakarta and Surabaya .

      The economic situation in Indonesia , especially after the nationalization of all foreign companies in the country , including institutions , belongs to the Netherlands , worse than the state of the economy in the Dutch colonial period , coupled with an increase in the rate of inflation that is very high in 1950 . During the Dutch Indonesian economic growth rate reasonably well with very low inflation rate and stable , mainly due to the level of wages and other components of the cost of production is also low , high levels efeisensi in agriculture , and the value of the currency stable .

      In addition to the political situation in the country that does not support , the poor economy of Indonesia during the rule of the old order is also caused by a lack of production factors , such as those who have high levels of entrepreneurial ability and high management , workforce education / high skill , funds ( especially for building infrastructure required by the industry ) , technology , and the ability of the government to develop plans and strategies for the development of both . According to Higgins observations , since the first cabinet formed after independence , the Indonesian government gave first priority to stabilization and economic growth , industrial development , unfikasi , and reconstruction . However , due to the limitations of the above factors and exacerbated by political turmoil nationally at the time , eventually build or even Indonesia's economic reconstruction after the war was never implemented properly .

• Economy Of Indonesia At The Time Of The New OrderAt the beginning of the new order , when Suharto was president of economic conditions in INDONESIA in Indonesia is very bad SSAT , the rate of inflation in our country reached 650 % per year .President Suharto Saai it adds a step that has been done previously by Sukarno . and it turns out he managed to reduce inflation from 650 % to below 15 % in less than two soft . for inflation tinngi meneka , Suharto did that much different from the previous presidents , he published , penbankan embuat sector budget , restoring economic sectors and embrace neraga Western states to attract capital .In sampig Suharto in 1970 also increased mining and oil mining . So the increase in state revenues from oil and natural gas . From 0.6 % billion in 1973 and now reaches 10.6 % billion in 1980 . 'S Ketiaka Policy peak revenue from oil and gas for 80 % of Indonesia's export proceeds . With this policy , Indonesia can advance in development under the new order .

• The TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT (the era of President BJ Habibie)

Economic conditions in the various regions can be seen in the presence of :Poverty Due to corruptionThe impact of power outages

 The tragedy of the distribution of zakatThe impact of fluctuations in fuel pricesImpact of the Global Economic Crisis 2008On May 22, 1998 , the third President of the Republic of Indonesia BJ He formed a new cabinet is called Cabinet . The cabinet consists of 16 ministers , and ministers drawn from elements of the military ( ABRI ) , Golkar , PPP , and PDI .In the economic field , the Habibie government tried hard to make improvements . There are some things that the Habibie government to improve the economy of Indonesia include :• banking recapitulation• Reconstruct the Indonesian economy .• Liquidate some troubled banks .• lift the rupiah against the U.S. dollar to below 10,000 , -• Implement economic reforms in otherwise requires by the IMF .President Habibie as the opening of the nation 's history in the era of reform efforts in the implementation of the Indonesian political situation and transparent election plans direct , general , free , confidential , honest and fair . General elections to be held under President Habibie had democratic elections . Habibie also freed some political prisoners detained during the reign Soeharto.Kemudian , President Habibie also lifted a ban on the formation of independent trade unions . The things that were taken during the Habibie government :economyTo overcome the financial crisis and economic recovery of Indonesia, BJ Habibie perform the following steps :a) Restructuring and recapitulation banks through the establishment of the State unit of the IBRA and Asset Managementb ) Liquidate some troubled banksc ) Increase the value of the rupiah against the dollar to below Rp . 10,000.00d ) Establish a monitoring agency and foreign debt solutione ) Implement economic reforms required by the IMFf ) Approve the Act. 5 Year 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competitiong ) To approve the Act. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection On the EconomyIn the economic recovery , the government succeeded in significantly reducing the rate of inflation and monetary fluctuations than at the beginning of the crisis . However , economic policy measures have not been fully considered mjempunyai encouraging as concrete and systematic policies like the real sector has not recovered . On the other hand , many cases of misuse of state funds and foreign aid makes Indonesia the economic recovery is losing momentum . On August 21, 1998 the government froze the operations of the National Commercial Bank , Bank of Modern and National Commerce Bank Indonesia . Then at the beginning of next year to liquidate the government back 38 private banks , 7 banks taken over by the government and 9 bank recapitalization program .For the problem of the distribution of the main staple food and rice oil , is considered a failed policy . This is evident from the increase in the price of rice remained even after the operation of the market , also found rice smuggling and hoarding of rice abroad .In the middle of the Habibie government's efforts to meet the demands for reform , the Habibie government was accused of acting contrary to the agreement of the Assembly in the East Timor issue .On October 14, 1999 President Habibie's accountability speech before the General Assembly but there is resistance to the president for government accountability Habibie regarded as an integral part of the New Order regime . Then on October 20, 1999 , Assembly Speaker Amien Rais closing plenary meeting , said , " thus the responsibility of President BJ Habibie rejected " . On the same day President Habibie said that he withdrew from the presidential nomination .• GOVERNANCE REFORM ( the era of President Abdurrahman Wahid )

Been a lot of weirdness and there is no policy on the economy.At the time of Wahid, Indonesia Suffered a credit rating of CCC'S ratings Fluctuations, dropped to DDD and then ride back to the CCC. One of the main causes was swept up in the financial crisis in 1998 the which is still brought up to his Government.
• The GOVERNMENT TRANSITION (the era of President Megawati Sukarnoputri)

According to President Megawati government should be wise to resolve issues such as the economy overall inventory immediately pay the debt at the same time . That way the former president of Indonesia is believed to be an alternative way that currency is not so cut .1 . Economic crisis that hit Indonesia since 1997 resulted in a decrease in per capita income . In 1997 the per capita income of only U.S. $ 465 Indonesia . Through the restoration of security policies Indonesian situation becomes calm . President Megawati succeeded in significantly raising per capita income of around U.S. $ 930 .2 . Tranquility megawati welcomed by the market , less than a month inducted rate jumped to Rp 8,500 per U.S. dollar . Composite Stock Price Index ( CSPI ) also continued to improve until skyrocketed to number 800 .3 . In order to increase economic growth and put pressure on inflation , the president megawati take a very controversial move , which is to privatize state enterprises . The government sold Indosat in 2003 . Proceeds successfully raised Indonesia 's economic growth to 4.1 % and 5.06 % inflansi only . Privatization is selling state enterprises in a period of crisis . The goal is to protect the company's state of interversi political forces and pay off foreign debt payments .4 . Improving export performance . In 2002 the export value reached U.S. $ 57.158 billion and imports reached U.S. $ 31.229 billion . In 2003 exports also rose keangka U.S. $ 61.02 billion and imports increased keangka U.S. $ 32.39 billion .5 . Asking delay debt payments of U.S. $ 5.8 billion at the Paris Club meeting of the 3rd and allocate foreign debt amounting to Rp 116.3 trillion .6 . Privatization policy . Privatization is selling companies in the country in the period of crisis with the aim of protecting the company's state of political forces intervene and reduce the burden on the state . Proceeds successfully raised Indonesia's economic growth to 4.1 % . However, this policy sparked a lot of controversy , because SOEs are privatized sold to foreign companies .• SHARED GOVERNANCE

The Indonesian economy in the SBY administration has been very well developed . Indonesian economy grew rapidly in 2010 as the world economic recovery after the global crisis of 2008 to 2009.Terbukti , the Indonesian economy was able to withstand the impact of the threat of economic and financial crisis that occurred in the European zone . The Indonesian economy will continue to grow well , but must be adapted to the unstable global conditions . Indonesia's economy will continue to grow , especially financial markets , although the crisis has affected , but it has proven able to survive . Meanwhile , the global economic recovery had a positive impact on the development of the external sector of the economy Indonesia.Pemerintahan President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ( SBY ) and managed to break the deadlock to be cathartic . Corruption and poverty still a problem in Indonesia . But after a few years of being in the national leadership is erratic , SBY has managed to create a political and economic stability in Indonesia .One of the main causes of Indonesia's economic success is the effectiveness of government policies that focus on fiscal discipline and debt reduction that occurred in the high Negara.Perkembangan the last five years brought significant changes to the world's perception of Indonesia . Yet another major problem that still exists . First , the rapid macroeconomic growth has not touched all levels of society as a whole . Although Jakarta is synonymous with high economic vitality and other major cities in Indonesia have rapid economic growth , there are still many Indonesian citizens living below the poverty line .The conclusion that can be drawn is that Indonesia still needs a lot of improvement . But what has been achieved so far is the result of the vision and planning of the SBY administration . Conceivably other things that will happen in the government that will run over the next few years again .

ADJECTIVE CLAUSEDefinition of Adjective ClauseAdjective clause or a relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective and a noun or pronoun describes on the main clause of a complex sentence ( sentence consists of an independent clause and one or more dependent clause )Turning Into Phrase Adjective ClauseAn adjective clause with a subject pronoun - like that , that or that - can also be shortened to the phrase .You can shorten an adjective clause in two ways :Ignore the subject pronoun and verb .Ignore the subject pronoun and change the verb to form ending in " ing . "Here are some examples of how to create an adjective phrase :Adjective Clause : The books are lost , not really necessary .Adjective Phrase : missing books are not really necessary .Adjective Clause : The girl who was walking was my best friend .Adjective Phrase : Girl running is my best friend .Adjective Clause : his share of the money , which consisted of $ 100,000 , awarded to him on Monday .Adjective Phrase : his share of money , consisting of $ 100,000 , awarded to him on Monday .Clause Adjective : Something may be rotten bad smell .Phrase Adjective : Something may be rotten bad smell .